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Verifying statements about bird anatomy, experimental setups, or historical scientific beliefs.

| Question | Answer | | :--- | :--- | | 1 | B | | 2 | A | | 3 | B | | 4 | F | | 5 | C | | 6 | D | | 7 | E | | 8 | humans | | 9 | grubs | | 10 | learn from other birds | | 11 | hooks | | 12 | teach her how to make | | 13 | repeat |

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Corvids, particularly scrub jays, cache (store) thousands of food items annually and recover them months later. More impressively, they remember:

Corvidae, New Caledonian crow, cephalization index, cognitive, neural, prefrontal cortex.

Mammals and birds evolved from a common ancestor less than 100 million years ago. Questions 11–13

This is the final twist often tested in the exam: different evolutionary paths arrived at the same destination—high intelligence.

Western scrub-jays remember what food they hid, where they hid it, and how long ago (perishable vs. non-perishable). 3. Step-by-Step Summary Completion Tactics

Remember: the IELTS Reading section tests your ability to find and understand explicit information, identify writer claims, and follow logical argumentation—not your prior knowledge of birds. Even if you know that crows are intelligent, always base your answers solely on the passage provided.

"Tool makers, tricksters, cooperators, mathematicians—the corvids are far from 'bird brains.' In fact, their intelligence, in many cases, appears to equal or even surpass that of many of our primate 'cousins.'"

In 2002, however, three researchers at Oxford University reported in Science a startling new twist to tool making in corvids. A New Caledonian crow that had been captured in 2000 as a juvenile had invented a new tool from materials not found in her natural habitat . The crow, named Betty , shared space with a male crow named Abel. The researchers had set up an experiment in which both crows were presented with a straight wire and a hooked wire and food that could most easily be retrieved with a hooked wire. When Abel flew away with the hooked wire, Betty bent the straight wire and successfully lifted the bucket of food with her hook. The researchers then set out to see whether they could get Betty to replicate the behavior. Ten times, they set out a single straight wire and food to be retrieved. Betty retrieved the food nine times by bending the wire; once she managed to retrieve the food with the straight wire. Alex Kacelik , one of the researchers who worked with the crows, noted that she had solved a new problem by doing something she had never done before.

Deviating from what is standard, normal, or expected. Practice Insight: The Water Displacement Experiment

Paragraph C explicitly states that Betty's feat "required spontaneous innovation without prior training." Therefore, saying she had received extensive training is false. 9. Answer: FALSE