"Gamblers, dancers, cruel men, men belonging to heretical sects, men addicted to evil deeds, dealers in wine,—these the King shall instantly banish from his town." Wisdom Library Key Groups Subject to Banishment According to the Manusmriti with Medhātithi's commentary , the verse targets specific "anti-social" elements: Kitavān (Gamblers):
By studying the Manusmriti and related texts, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of ancient Indian society and its values, as well as appreciate the ongoing influence of these texts on modern Indian law and society.
As we reflect on this verse, it is essential to consider both its historical context and its ongoing relevance. By examining the complexities and nuances of this verse, we can gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of Indian society, culture, and values, as well as the ongoing debates around women's roles, responsibilities, and rights.
: Individuals prone to unprovoked violence, malice, and disruption of public peace. manusmriti chapter 9 verse 225
This is the most puzzling part of the verse for modern readers. Today, "usurer" implies an exploitative moneylender. But in ancient Hindu legal texts, usury (charging interest on loans) was not entirely forbidden; it was regulated but considered a morally inferior profession.
It is crucial to note that this verse is not a random decree but belongs to a section (verses 9.220-228) where Manu explicitly equates gambling with "open theft" and outlines severe measures against it. Therefore, this verse is a part of a broader legal code concerning the King's duty to suppress criminal and anti-social elements to ensure the welfare of his people.
: A learned Brahmana or a virtuous person takes on the role of her lord. "Gamblers, dancers, cruel men, men belonging to heretical
"Gamblers, dancers, cruel men, men belonging to heretical sects, men addicted to evil deeds, dealers in wine,—these the King shall instantly banish from his town."
: Individuals who exploit public superstition by selling predictions or manipulating "auspicious signs" for personal financial gain without genuine spiritual authority.
Historically, this verse reflects the rigid social structures and moral codes of ancient Brahminical society. In modern times, verses like 9.225 are often analyzed by scholars to understand ancient perspectives on social exclusion, religious pluralism (or the lack thereof), and the state's role in enforcing private morality. or punishments for other crimes? Manusmriti Verse 9.2 : Individuals prone to unprovoked violence, malice, and
Most modern readers view Dharma (duty/law) through a judicial lens—a system of rewards and punishments. However, Verse 225 reveals a deeper, almost ontological function of the social order:
Individuals with a history of violence or those who take pleasure in causing harm to others.